Metro Man or Metro Style that
is the question
Here is a
overview of the new features for techies:
Windows Server
2012 includes a number of new features or feature changes.
User interface
Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of
multiple servers. The operating system, like Windows 8, uses the Metro UI
unless installed in Server Core mode. Windows
PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared with
around 200 in Windows Server 2008 R2. There is also command auto-completion.
Task Manager
Main article: Windows Task Manager in Windows 8
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 include a new version of Windows Task Manager together with the old
version. In the new version the tabs are hidden by default showing applications
only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades
of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource use. It lists
application names, application status, and overall utilization data for CPU,
memory, hard disk, and network resources, moving the process information found
in the older Task Manager to the new Details tab. The Performance tab is split
into CPU, memory (RAM), disk, ethernet, and, if applicable, wireless network
sections with graphs for each. The CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs
for every logical processor on the system by default; instead, it can display
data for each NUMA node. When displaying
data for each logical processor for machines with more than 64 logical
processors, the CPU tab now displays simple utilization percentages on
heat-mapping tiles. The color used for these heat maps is blue, with darker
shades again indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any
logical processor's data now shows the NUMA node of that processor and its ID,
if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists
startup applications. The new task manager recognizes when a WinRT application has
the "Suspended" status.
Installation options
Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 can switch between "Server
Core" and the "Server with a GUI"
installation options without a full reinstallation. Server Core is now the
recommended configuration. There is also a new third installation option that
allows some GUI programs such as MMC and
Server Manager to run, but without Internet Explorer, Windows Explorer or the
new desktop and shell.
IP address management (IPAM)
Windows Server 2012 has an IPAM role for discovering, monitoring, auditing,
and managing the IP address space used on a corporate network. IPAM provides
for administration and monitoring of servers running Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name Service (DNS). IPAM includes components for:
- Custom IP address space display, reporting, and management: The
display of IP addresses is highly customizable and detailed tracking and
utilization data is available. IPv4 and IPv6 address space is organized
into IP address blocks, IP address ranges, and individual IP addresses. IP
addresses are assigned built-in or user-defined fields that can be used to
further organize IP address space into hierarchical, logical groups.
- Audit of server configuration changes and tracking of IP address
usage: Operational events are displayed for the IPAM server and managed
DHCP servers. IPAM also enables IP address tracking using DHCP lease
events and user logon events collected from Network Policy Server (NPS),
domain controllers, and DHCP servers. Tracking is available by IP address,
client ID, host name, or user name.
- Monitoring and management of DHCP and DNS services: IPAM enables
automated service availability monitoring for Microsoft DHCP and DNS
servers across the forest. DNS zone health is displayed, and detailed DHCP
server and scope management is available using the IPAM console.
Both IPv4 and IPv6 are fully supported.
Active Directory
Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to Active
Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The
Active Directory Domain Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new
section in Server Manager, and the Active Directory Administrative Center has
been enhanced. A GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin.
Password policies can differ more easily within the same domain. Active
Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from
virtualization, and virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned.
Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified;
it can be performed entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation
Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and
claims which can be used by the Active Directory Federation Services have been
introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active
Directory Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History
Viewer".
Hyper-V
Windows Server 2012, along with Windows 8, includes a new version of Hyper-V, as presented at the Microsoft Build
Event. Many new features have been added to Hyper-V, including network
virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premise connectivity,
and cloud backup. Additionally, many of the former restrictions on resource
consumption have been greatly lifted. Each virtual machine in this version of
Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual processors, up to 512 gigabytes of
random-access memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual
hard disk (using a new .vhdx format). Up to 1024 virtual machines can be active
per host, and up to 4000 can be active per failover cluster. The version of
Hyper-V shipped with the client version of Windows 8 requires a processor that
supports SLAT and for SLAT to be turned
on, while the version in Windows Server 2012 only requires it if the RemoteFX role
is installed.
ReFS
ReFS (Resilient File System, originally codenamed
"Protogon") is a new file system
in Windows Server 2012 initially intended for file
servers that improves on NTFS.
Major new features of ReFS include:
Improved reliability for on-disk
structures
ReFS uses B+ trees for all on-disk structures including
metadata and file data. The file size, total volume size, number of files in a
directory and number of directories in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers,
which translates to maximum file size of 16 Exabytes, maximum
volume size of 1 Yottabyte (with 64 KB clusters),
which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and directory
size (hardware restrictions still apply). Metadata and file data are organized
into tables similar to relational database.
Free space is counted by a hierarchal allocator which includes three separate
tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each
limited to a 32 KB Unicode text string.
Built-in resilience
ReFS employs an
allocation-on-write update strategy for
metadata, which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses
large IO batches. All ReFS metadata has built-in 64-bit checksums which are
stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate
"integrity stream", in which
case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is
controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files
and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the
file can be deleted without taking down the whole volume offline for
maintenance, then restored from the backup. As a result of built-in resiliency,
administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as CHKDSK when using ReFS.
Compatibility with existing APIs
and technologies
ReFS does not
require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS
volumes. ReFS supports many existing Windows and NTFS features such as BitLocker
encryption, Access Control Lists, USN Journal, change notifications, symbolic links, junction
points, mount points, reparse points, volume
snapshots, file IDs, and oplock.
ReFS seamlessly integrates with Storage Spaces,
a storage virtualization layer that
allows data mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between
machines. ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by
Storage Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become
corrupt using background data scrubbing
process, which periodically reads all mirror copies and verifies their
checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones.
Some NTFS features are not supported in ReFS, including named streams, object
IDs, short names, file compression, file
level encryption (EFS), user data
transactions, sparse files, hard links, extended attributes, and disk quotas.
ReFS does not itself offer data deduplication. Dynamic disks with mirrored
or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided
by Storage Spaces. However, in Windows Server 2012, automated error-correction
is only supported on mirrored spaces, and booting from ReFS is not supported
either.
ReFS was first shown in screenshots from leaked build 6.2.7955, where it
went by code name "Protogon". Support for ReFS is absent in the
developer preview (build 8102). ReFS is not readable by Windows 7 or earlier.
IIS 8.0
Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of Internet
Information Services (IIS). The new version contains new features
such as CPU usage caps for particular websites.
Email: info@dbaconsulting.nl
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